The Conveyance of Emotion in the Writing of Zora Neale Hurston Essay

The Conveyance of Emotion in the Writing of Zora Neale Hurston Sharpening Her Oyster Knife: I am not tragically colored. There is no great sorrow dammed up in my soul, nor lurking behind my eyes. I do not mind at all. I do not belong to the sobbing school of Negrohood who hold that nature somehow has given them a lowdown dirty deal and whose feelings are all hurt about it....No, I do not weep at the world -- I am too busy sharpening my oyster knife. ___Zora Neale Hurston Zora Neale Hurston kept busy sharpening her oyster knife not to prepare for any violent confrontations with white society but quite the opposite, to extract the raw materials from her own culture and cultivate them into priceless treasures. To Hurston the Negro was always in vogue (Hughes). She didn't wait for the white culture to place its stamp of approval on the subject matter she knew and loved so well. In her well-known essay, "How It Feels to Be Colored Me," Hurston makes reference to society's view of her a the granddaughter of slaves: "It is quite exciting to hold the center of the national stage, with the spectators not knowing whether to laugh or to weep." Hurston must have felt that way about her writing also; she threw it out there and let the audience do with it what they willed. Sometimes we laugh; sometimes we cry. But humor always hovers nearby in all of her writing and serves as the emotional salvation needed to compensate for the often heavy subject m atter (Fauset, 166). Throughout Their Eyes Were Watching God, Hurston indicates that to refuse one's heritage is cultural suicide, and the loss of laughter represents an early symptom. In the novel, throug... ...w York: HarperCollins, 1995. Hurston, Zora Neale. "The Gilded Six-Bits." ZNH: The Complete Stories. Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God. New York: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1937. Jones, Gayl. "Breaking Out of the Conventions of Dialect." Zora Neale Hurston: Critical Perspectives Past and Present. Eds. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. and K. A. Appiah. New York: Amistad, 1993. Lowe, John. "'Cast in Yo' Nets Right Here': Finding a Comic Voice." Jump at the Sun. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1994. Miller, Rachel. "Narrative Strategy in Hurston's 'Sweat'." http://www.as.wvu.edu/~ginsberg/sweat.htm Wall, Cheryl A. "Zora Neale Hurston: Changing Her Own Words." Zora Neale Hurston: Critical Perspectives Past and Present. Eds. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. and K. A. Appiah. New York: Amistad, 1993.

Member of the Wedding

The Member of The Wedding, Carson McCullers Main Characters: Frankie Addams is a twelve year old who in the middle of a sexual and emotional awakening. She feels totally isolated and disconnected from the world all around her. She isn't a member of any clique or group, because of this she becomes obsessed with the fact that she is going to be a member of her brother Jarvis' wedding. Frankie puts all her hopes in dreams into this one event and plans to make. Connection with another group of people, and to disconnect herself from being lonely again.Getting away from childhood is a hard task for her and she has trouble with it, she tries to make changes on the outside to get a better impression but that is a fail. Her biggest struggle is getting over something's that relate to being a female adult like getting her menstruation cycle and sex, Frankie is extremely ignorant when it comes to these two subjects. My first impression of Frankie is that someone needs to teach her how to grow u p. Setting: Frankie Addams is a 12 year old living in the American south in 1944. Summary: Frankie Addams is a young 12 year old living in the American South, the book is about her main frustration with feeling like she doesn't belong as a member in any group and that she's disconnected from the world all around her. She is the daughter of a jeweler and a mom who died during child birth. She spends most of her time being obsessed with her brothers wedding. Frankie tries to find unity with other people and this causes major conflict in the story. When Frankie tries to grow up and become apart of the adult world she notices that there is some stuff she doesn't like about the adult world.One major thing she didn't like is that married couples only include two people which makes her not apart of her dream of being a threesome with Jarvis and Janice. Bernice helped Frankie understand what she needed to know about the adult world and some of the struggles of being an adult. My favorite p assage was â€Å"Bernice tells of a couple she knows in which a woman fell in love with a man who later had a sex change. † that was my favorite because it was so funny. My first impression was to laugh. Conclusion: I liked the ending of the story because it kind of gave some insight on how Frankie matured a little, I wouldn't change the end.

Germaine Greer Quotes

Germaine Greer, Australian feminist later living in London, published The Female Eunuch in 1970, with its feisty tone assuring her place in the public eye as an in your face feminist. Her later books, including Sex and Destiny: the Politics of Human Fertility and The Change: Women, Ageing, and Menopause, drew fire from feminists and others. Less well known is her career as a literature scholar and professor, where her unique perspective comes through, as in her 2000 essay, Female Impersonator, about male poets speaking as female voices, or her book, Slip-shod Sibyls: Recognition, Rejection, and the Woman Poet, where she controversially suggests that a reason many pre-modern women poets are absent from standard curricula is that they were not that skilled, focused on the morbid exercise of wallowing in emotion. Selected Germaine Greer Quotations †¢ Womens liberation, if it abolishes the patriarchal family, will abolish a necessary substructure of the authoritarian state, and once that withers away Marx will have come true willy-nilly, so lets get on with it. †¢ I think that testosterone is a rare poison. †¢ The real theater of the sex war is the domestic hearth. †¢ The surest guide to the correctness of the path that women take is joy in the struggle. †¢ Revolution is the festival of the oppressed. †¢ I didnt fight to get women out from behind vacuum cleaners to get them onto the board of Hoover. †¢ The house wife is an unpaid employee in her husbands house in return for the security of being a permanent employee. †¢ Man made one grave mistake: in answer to vaguely reformist and humanitarian agitation he admitted women to politics and the professions. The conservatives who saw this as the undermining of our civilization and the end of the state and marriage were right after all; it is time for the demolition to begin. †¢ Yet if a woman never lets herself go, how will she ever know how far she might have got? If she never takes off her high-heeled shoes, how will she ever know how far she could walk or how fast she could run? †¢ One may not reach the dawn save by the path of the night. †¢ After centuries of conditioning of the female into the condition of perpetual girlishness called femininity, we cannot remember what femaleness is. Though feminists have been arguing for years that there is a self-defining female energy, and a female libido that is not expressed merely in response to demands by the male, and a female way of being and of experiencing the world, we are still not close to understanding what it might be. Yet every mother who has held a girl child in her arms has known that she was different from a boy child and that she would approach the reality around her in a different way. She is a female and she will die female, and though many centuries should pass, archaeologists would identify her skeleton as the remains of a female creature. †¢ The blind conviction that we have to do something about other peoples reproductive behavior, and that we may have to do it whether they like it or not, derives from the assumption that the world belongs to us, who have so expertly depleted its resources, rather than to them, who have not. †¢ The compelled mother loves her child as the caged bird sings. The song does not justify the cage nor the love the enforcement. †¢ The management of fertility is one of the most important functions of adulthood. †¢ Perhaps women have always been in closer contact with reality than men: it would seem to be the just recompense for being deprived of idealism. †¢ All that remains to the mother in modern consumer society is the role of scapegoat; psychoanalysis uses huge amounts of money and time to persuade analysis and to foist their problems on to the absent mother, who has no opportunity to utter a word in her own defense. Hostility to the mother in our societies is an index of mental health. †¢ Mother is the dead heart of the family, spending fathers earnings on consumer goods to enhance the environment in which he eats, sleeps, and watches the television. †¢ There has come into existence, chiefly in America, a breed of men who claim to be feminists. They imagine that they have understood what women want and that they are capable of giving it to them. They help with the dishes at home and make their own coffee in the office, basking the while in the refulgent consciousness of virtue. Such men are apt to think of the true male feminists as utterly chauvinistic. †¢ The sight of women talking together has always made men uneasy; nowadays it means rank subversion. †¢ Women fail to understand how much men hate them. †¢ All men hate some women some of the time and some men hate all women all of the time. †¢ The tragedy of machismo is that a man is never quite man enough. †¢ For a male child to become a man, he has to reject his mother. Its an essential part of masculinisation. †¢ Freud is the father of psychoanalysis. It has no mother. †¢ All societies on the verge of death are masculine. A society can survive with only one man; no society will survive a shortage of women. †¢ The most threatened group in human societies as in animal societies is the unmated male: the unmated male is more likely to wind up in prison or in an asylum or dead than his mated counterpart. He is less likely to be promoted at work and he is considered a poor credit risk. †¢ Human beings have an inalienable right to invent themselves; when that right is pre-empted it is called brain-washing. †¢ Freedom is fragile and must be protected. To sacrifice it, even as a temporary measure, is to betray it. †¢ Older women can afford to agree that femininity is a charade, a matter of colored hair, ecru lace, and whalebones, the kind of slap and tat that transvestites are in love with, and no more. †¢ Women over fifty already form one of the largest groups in the population structure of the Western world. As long as they like themselves, they will not be an oppressed minority. In order to like themselves they must reject trivialization by others of who and what they are. A grown woman should not have to masquerade as a girl in order to remain in the land of the living. †¢ Youre only young once, but you can be immature forever. †¢ The older womans love is not love of herself, nor of herself mirrored in a lovers eyes, nor is it corrupted by need. It is a feeling of tenderness so still and deep and warm that it gilds every grass blade and blesses every fly. It includes the ones who have a claim on it, and a great deal else besides. I wouldnt have missed it for the world. †¢ Love, love, love—all the wretched cant of it, masking egotism, lust, masochism, fantasy under a mythology of sentimental postures, a welter of self-induced miseries and joys, blinding and masking the essential personalities in the frozen gestures of courtship, in the kissing and the dating and the desire, the compliments and the quarrels which vivify its barrenness. †¢ Oh, because falling in love turns you into an immediate bore. And its dreadful. †¢ Every time a woman makes herself laugh at her husbands often-told jokes she betrays him. The man who looks at his woman and says What would I do without you? is already destroyed. †¢ The only perfect love to be found on earth is not sexual love, which is riddled with hostility and insecurity, but the wordless commitment of families, which takes as its model mother-love. This is not to say that fathers have no place, for father-love, with its driving for self-improvement and discipline, is also essential to survival, but that uncorrected father-love, father-love as it were practiced by both parents, is a way to annihilation. †¢ Every time a man unburdens his heart to a stranger he reaffirms the love that unites humanity. †¢ If a person loves only one other person, and is indifferent to his fellow men, his love is not love but a symbiotic attachment, or an enlarged egotism. †¢ English culture is basically homosexual in the sense that the men only really care about other men. †¢ The principle of the brotherhood of man is narcissistic... for the grounds for that love have always been the assumption that we ought to realize that we are the same the whole world over. †¢ Woman cannot be content with health and agility: she must make exorbitant efforts to appear something that never could exist without a diligent perversion of nature. Is it too much to ask that women be spared the daily struggle for superhuman beauty in order to offer it to the caresses of a subhumanly ugly mate? †¢ It is fatally easy for Western folk, who have discarded chastity as a value for themselves, to suppose that it can have no value for anyone else. At the same time as Californians try to re-invent celibacy, by which they seem to mean perverse restraint, the rest of us call societies which place a high value on chastity backward. †¢ Loneliness is never more cruel than when it is felt in close propinquity with someone who has ceased to communicate. †¢ Even crushed against his brother in the Tube the average Englishman pretends desperately that he is alone. †¢ I mean, in Britain its two women a week killed by their partner. Thats a shocking statistic. †¢ Most women still need a room of their own and the only way to find it may be outside their own home. †¢ There is no such thing as security. There never has been. †¢ Probably the only place where a man can feel really secure is in a maximum security prison, except for the imminent threat of release. †¢ Security is when everything is settled. When nothing can happen to you. Security is the denial of life. †¢ Developing the muscles of the soul demands no competitive spirit, no killer instinct, although it may erect pain barriers that the spiritual athlete must crash through. †¢ Women are reputed never to be disgusted. The sad fact is that they often are, but not with men; following the lead of men, they are most often disgusted with themselves. †¢ I have always been principally interested in men for sex. Ive always thought any sane woman would be a lover of women because loving men is such a mess. I have always wished Id fall in love with a woman. Damn. †¢ A full bosom is actually a millstone around a womans neck... [Breasts] are not parts of a person but lures slung around her neck, to be kneaded and twisted like magic putty, or mumbled and mouthed like lolly ices. †¢ The only causes of regret are laziness, outbursts of temper, hurting others, prejudice, jealousy, and envy. †¢ Perhaps catastrophe is the natural human environment, and even though we spend a good deal of energy trying to get away from it, we are programmed for survival amid catastrophe. †¢ Only one thing is certain: if pot is legalized, it wont be for our benefit but for the authorities. To have it legalized will also be to lose control of it. †¢ Act quickly, think slowly. †¢ Energy is the power that drives every human being. It is not lost by exertion but maintained by it, for it is a faculty of the psyche. †¢ Libraries are reservoirs of strength, grace and wit, reminders of order, calm and continuity, lakes of mental energy, neither warm nor cold, light nor dark. The pleasure they give is steady, unorgastic, reliable, deep and long-lasting. In any library in the world, I am at home, unselfconscious, still and absorbed. †¢ The essence of pleasure is spontaneity. †¢ Australia is a huge rest home, where no unwelcome news is ever wafted on to the pages of the worst newspapers in the world. †¢ Psychoanalysis is the confession without absolution. †¢ Evolution is what it is. The upper classes have always died out; its one of the most charming things about them. †¢ We in the West do not refrain from childbirth because we are concerned about the population explosion or because we feel we cannot afford children, but because we do not like children. †¢ Never advise anyone to go to war or to get married. Write down the advice of him who loves you, though you like it not at present. He that has no children brings them up well. †¢ It is in our interests to let the police and their employers go on believing that the Underground is a conspiracy, because it increases their paranoia and their inability to deal with what is really happening. As long as they look for ringleaders and documents they will miss their mark, which is that proportion of every personality which belongs in the Underground. †¢ Well, thats all right. I dont mind. Theyve called me mad ever since I was born. About These Quotes Quote collection  assembled by  Jone Johnson Lewis. Each quotation page in this collection and the entire collection via Jone Johnson Lewis. This is an informal collection assembled over many years. I regret that I am not be able to provide the original source if it is not listed with the quote. Citation information:Jone Johnson Lewis. Germaine Greer Quotes. About Womens History. URL: http://womenshistory.about.com/od/quotes/a/germaine_greer.htm . Date accessed: (today).

A Play About The Salem Witch Trials - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 941 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/06/10 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Salem Witch Trials Essay Did you like this example? The Salem Witch Trials was brought to life in the play, The Crucible by Arthur Miller, first taking light in broadway in 1953. The main focus on this play was to highlight the Salem Witch Trials to the best of his or anyoners ability considering the actual event happened over a hundred years before the play was written, and seemed to have done an amazing job, especially when Nicholas Hytner decides to take the play to a whole new level and make it a movie, hoping to make the story come to life. What people didnt expect was that there are a few major differences between the movie and the actual brilliant play that was written just decades before.. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Play About The Salem Witch Trials" essay for you Create order A seemingly small detail that was apparently changed in the movie, was how in the very beginning, leading up to the Witch Trials, as the girls were dancing in the woods, Abigail decides to wipe her face with the blood of a chicken, leading to her becoming completely naked. In the play, Abigail actually drank the blood, and never actually took off any item of clothing, and according to the plays details, the only one to get naked was a girl named Mercy Lewis. Although seeming somewhat small of a change, this event was what set up the entire story, changing things that were to come including the fact that Abigail in the movie was seemed to be extremely guilty and focused a lot of the attention on her towards the witchcraft and what pieces of evidence the court was provided with. While in the play, Abigail only drinking the blood instead of kind of acting a little abnormal to say the least, made her seem like she was just playing along. Another thing was that in the play, when the girls were caught and everyone was worried about what their outcome might be now that the word was getting out that they had been dancing in the woods, as Titubars character came up, the girls were obviously all scared to get into much trouble and didnt say anything as Tituba was being questioned forcefully about whether or not she was a witch and what roles she played in the event, some even going as far as to threaten her of a beating if she did not confess. This obviously made things a bit intense and scary, but in the movie it went a lot farther to a point where the girls actually accused Tituba completely of everything including saying that she made them dance in the woods and while Tituba was being questioned, she was also being whipped at the same time to tears, until made to confess that she was involved in witchcraft and that she was with the devil and saw someone else with the devil as well. This changed the event by making thing s and details a lot more dramatic and intense than they originally were, and instead of being worried and scared about each others fates they seemed to be easily to go along with anything one another said and kind of harsh when it came to throwing other people into the fire. And finally, throughout the whole play Abigail, although still feeling love-sick over John and somewhat vicious when throwing John Proctorrs wife under the bus; Abigail seemed to be mostly focused on her safety and getting through the witch trials without being killed or punished in any sort of way, completely focused on what she could do in order to get out of such a big mess. In the movie, while the entire event was taking place, Abigail was becoming even more incredibly selfish to a sense that she not only threw an innocent woman in to the fire, but she focused almost entirely on John Proctor and ignored everything but her love and obsession for John and trying to get him back no matter what the cost was. Even towards the end of the movie when she realized that John Proctor had given himself to be hanged along with his wife, she did anything to see if she could get him back without being hanged herself, by visiting his cell and offering him to run away with her, explaining of how she has money and a good way to go off and never be seen or heard from again that way he could live-but also be with her at the same time. And when he refused she decided to run away. In the play, none of that went down, John Proctor never threw himself into the fire, and she was never in the position where she wanted to run, and instead was trying to save herself but also still a bit obsessed with their ended relationship. In conclusion, the play and the movie were similar in a lot of ways, holding onto some very valid points and ideas that had been brought up, including the great cases of mass hysteria that had been involved with the entire issue during both stories being told. However, the movie did twist the play to an extent, causing some things to be dramatized and changed and even kindove making it to where the play seemed to not only be focused on the witch trials but also on the love interests of John and Abigail and the extreme amount of drama and intenseness that didnt ever actually happen in the play. All in all, the play and the movie were both amazing stories to be told, but they were not exactly alike, and some parts affected a lot of the story and even changed the entire focus between the two.

Human Trafficking Is The Third Largest Criminal Industry

Human trafficking, the term just brings to mind images of forced labor,enslavement, and many other terrible things. Human trafficking is the sale and trade of people, typically for the purpose of sexual slavery or forced labor (Shukla). According to Eleanor Goldberg of The Huffington Post, even though they may seem similar, slavery and human trafficking are two different things, human trafficking is when one is recruited, provided, or obtained for the purpose of exploitation, often sold for monetary gain. There are around twenty-seven million victims globally today, the highest recorded number of slaves in history and out of all of them, only 108,000 (.4%) are identified and freed from enslavement. The human trafficking industry is the third largest criminal industry falling only behind drug smuggling and arms dealing. (â€Å"10 Facts About Human Trafficking Everyone Should Know†) While the trafficking industry is such a large criminal enterprise, it relies heavily on women an d children. Women are the primary targets of human trafficking, making up around sixty-six percent of the victims forced into human trafficking, children make up about twenty-two percent, and men make up around twelve percent (Shukla). Human trafficking is not a new concept or issue, slavery has been around for as long as civilization has been in existence, recorded slavery has been around at least since the 1400’s. This has become more and more of a prevalent and very media-covered epidemic in Williams 2Show MoreRelatedHuman Trafficking Is Considered Modern Day Slavery1217 Words   |  5 PagesHuman trafficking is defined as any type of work which people are forced to do against their will under the threat of some form of punishment and it is an affront to the most basic of human freedoms. In the Trafficking protocol (†¦.) human trafficking is defined as â€Å" the recruitment, transport, transfer, harboring or receipt of a person by such means as threats or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud or deception for the purpose of exploitation†. Almost all slavery practicesRead MoreThe Sex Trade Should Not Be Overlooked1167 Words   |  5 Pages The economic benefits of the sex trade industry encourage governments to overlook the negative repercussions and effects. 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The topic of human trafficking has provedRead MoreHow Much Would You Sell For?1131 Words   |  5 Pagesand Crime (UNODC), Trafficking in Persons is defined as the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring, or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. The most common forms of human exploitation are sexualRead MoreHuman Trafficking : Modern Day Slavery1604 Words   |  7 PagesHuman Trafficking One of the most serious crimes worldwide, human trafficking is the buying, selling, and transportation of people for the use of sexual exploitation, forced labor, or organ removal. â€Å"Human trafficking is modern-day slavery and involves the use of force, fraud, or coercion to obtain some type of labor or commercial sex act.† (What is human trafficking Homeland) It happens in the United States and foreign countries. Many people do not see it happening, but in fact it is happeningRead MoreModern Day Slavery: Human Trafficking 866 Words   |  4 PagesBlood Borne Connections.) Human trafficking is the modern day slavery, it involves taking control over a person through force, fraud or coercion to exploit the victim for forced labor, sexual exploitation. or both (â€Å"What† par.1). 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Human1352 Words   |  6 PagesMay 1, 2017 Human Trafficking in Brazil According to statistics from the United States Department of State, there are reportedly over 13 million people being forced into human trafficking, specifically sex trades. Sex trafficking is one of the most profitable crimes making 7 to 12 billion dollars yearly around the world (Research Paper). This is also often times referred to as â€Å"modern day slavery† as adults and children are exploited and striped of their human rights. Most commonlyRead MoreWhat Is More Harm Than Good?1721 Words   |  7 Pagestrafficked individuals’ human rights or Would U.K laws and policies on sex workers and trafficked individuals be more effective if society understood and accepted the problem? Research background and questions According to the United Kingdom Home Office, the anti†slavery legislation currently being upheld in the United Kingdom (hereinafter UK), uses the term modern slavery as a catch-all phrase when referring to the offences of forced labour, domestic servitude, human trafficking and slavery. ModernRead MoreHuman Trafficking1315 Words   |  6 PagesOutline Topic: Human Trafficking General Purpose: To Inform Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about Human Trafficking. What it is, where it is and who gets affected. Central Idea/Thesis: Human trafficking is overlooked but occurs on a more widespread basis then people believe. I. Introduction A. Attention Getter: What if you were promised a better life with an advanced career, but instead were forced into prostitution? Many are unknowingly placed into this position by human traffickers

Critical reflection on waste management class project Free Essays

string(320) " to collecting food waste separately from the refuse stream \(WRAP, 2009b\): Improving recycling efficiency Reducing waste disposal costs Reducing the environmental harm linked with landfill Reducing CHGs However, despite each of these advantages implementing a food waste system within a university is a complex task\." Executive summary In recent years, there has been a growing amount of pressure placed on universities with the United Kingdom to reduce the waste that they produce. This has been derived from two main sources one is the reduction, which is required by the new government waste reduction targets (DEFRA, 2012), and the other is from the Higher Education Funding Council for England’s (HEFCE) requirements to reduce carbon emissions, which are derived from waste (HEFCE, 2010). These two factors have meant that universities across the United Kingdom have had to seek to reduce the amount of waste that they dispose of to landfill sites. We will write a custom essay sample on Critical reflection on waste management class project or any similar topic only for you Order Now This project has been undertaken to seek to investigate the ways through which bio-waste, which is derived from food sources may be reduced. To this end, my mission is to introduce a waste management system for food disposal, with the aim of lowering the University’s carbon emissions. This essay focuses on the cost of composting in relation to landfill sites. These shall be examined from three different perspectives, which are derived from environmental, social and economic considerations. Each of these shall be discussed and examined to seek to critically evaluate the options, which may be available to seek to redress the aforementioned issues. 1.Introduction This project seeks to ascertain which options are most suitable to seek to reduce food waste, which is produced from a university site being sent to landfill. There are three main factors, which need to be considered in order to ensure that, this viable. The first of these are the economic considerations, the second are the environmental benefits, which may be derived from this, and the third are the social advantages to disposing of food waste. Each of these options shall be discussed and critically evaluated in turn. However, before this analysis is undertaken, a brief background to the reasons why this is so important shall be presented. Food waste is an intrinsic part of the economy. It is, in effect, a result of economic activity produced by businesses, government and homes. The management of food waste has economic implications (DEFRA, 2012). A green economy is underpinned by maximal economic value and growth coupled with sustainable management of all natural assets (DEFRA, 2011). The Government’s ‘Review of Waste Policy 2011’ aimed to deliver a ‘zero waste economy’. Over the last decade, significant advances were made to reduce the quantity of food-waste transport to landfill sites and increase the rate of more environmentally friendly methods (DEFRA, 2012). Reducing bio-waste is an important target of the UK government. The ‘Waste Strategy 2007’ for England identifies food waste as a key aim, thereby reducing landfills for local authorities. The ‘Waste Emissions Trading Act’, ‘Landfill Allowance Schemes’ and the ‘EC Landfill Directive’ include key objectives that encourage local authorities to utilise environmentally friendly means of processing food waste or face financial penalties (WRAP, 2009). In line with each of these targets in April 2010, HEFCE announced that it expected all universities to have a carbon management plan in place by December 2010. This was to include how universities would seek to reduce their carbon emissions from all sources (including Scope 3 emissions included all sources of waste, which may arise from universities). Therefore, since this time many UK universities have sought to find ways through which they may reduce the waste, which they send to landfill sites (HEFCE, 2010). In line with each of the requirements which have been highlighted above, my mission is to introduce a waste management system for food disposal. Therefore, the aim of this project is to seek to lower the University’s carbon emissions, which may arse through the disposal of food waste to landfill sites (see the poster and learning log). The objectives of my project are to: Create an operation that allows us to process food waste into compost whilst maintaining green principles Increase the involvement of staff and students, creating an awareness of the importance of implementing a food waste system Implement a well maintained operation that manages food waste sustainably This essay will focus on the cost of composting in relation to landfill sites, which can be placed into three categories: environmental, social and economic. 2. Environmental costs Food waste provides a feeding ground for rodents and insects, harbouring diseases and parasites that are harmful to humans (Sharp, 2007). Food waste may contaminate surface water, soil, air and ecosystems (Rushton, 2003). Most notably, landfill, the most frequent method of disposal, produces significant GHGs (Bogner et al. 2008). The food degrades over a period of years, emitting methane, a CHG that is 21 times more powerful than carbon dioxide (Shin et al. 2005). Therefore, from this we can start to ascertain that it is possible to reduce the amount of food waste that is sent to landfill sites as this waste is biodegradable. Twenty million tonnes of CO2e emissions are generated from food waste every year. This equates to around 3% of the UK’s CHG emissions and 6% of its global water footprint (DEFRA, 2011b). Some food waste is not biodegradable such as teabags, bones and banana skins. However, it remains an essential principle to prevent this waste from being sent to landfill sites unnecessarily. Food waste should be treated in the most sustainable way, minimising GHG emissions and other environmental harm (DEFRA, 2011b). Article 4 of ‘EU Waste Framework Directive’ outlines the five steps for dealing with waste, referred to as the ‘waste hierarchy’. Prevention, the best impact on the environment, is at the top of the hierarchy, then, in descending order, preparing for re-use, recycling, recovery and landfill (Directive 2008/98/EC) (see Figure 2.1). Figure 2.1: Waste hierarchy (based on the EU Directive 2008/98/EC) Segregated waste is the waste that has been removed from the normal waste stream for recycling, composting, anaerobic digestion or landfill. This waste includes both biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste (DEFRA, 2011b). Residual waste refers to the waste left following sorting or waste emanating from purely unsorted waste (such as black bag waste) (DEFRA, 2011b). There are a number of advantages to collecting food waste separately from the refuse stream (WRAP, 2009b): Improving recycling efficiency Reducing waste disposal costs Reducing the environmental harm linked with landfill Reducing CHGs However, despite each of these advantages implementing a food waste system within a university is a complex task. One must consider a number of drivers for example, how will students and staff react to the introduction of a new waste management system under the guise that it is environmentally beneficial, how often are waste collections required from different areas and how will this be managed to ensure that odours or other factors which may cause different forms of environmental harm do not arise from these operations. Of course, this does not mean that this is impossible, but a number of issues need to be considered, for example, does the cost of recycling this food waste out weigh the environmental benefits, which may be gained from diverting this from landfill. One must consider that there are a number of options, which could cause more harm to the environment and be less cost efficient. For example, if on site composting is to be used, how will this be managed, who will pay for the facilities required, where will the residual waste from the food disposed of be managed. Or if one was to pay refuse collector to dispose of this waste, would the number of the collections by vehicles increase the overall environmental effects of composting this food waste or not? Therefore, implementing a food waste system, which is environmentally beneficial, is complex. However, if this is undertaken properly a number of environmental advantages may be realised. Each of the aforementioned factors need to be carefully considered and a number of calculations need to be performed to seek to ensure that emissions to air and water or land contamination do not arise through the implementation of a composting system. Therefore, the university needs to consider each of these factors before they decide whether this is an environmentally friendly way, through which waste, which arises from food, may be managed rather than sending it to landfill sites. In conjunction, with each of these considerations there are also a number of economic factors which need to be consider, these shall now be discussed and critically evaluated in more detail. 3. Economic costs Food waste is excessively high in the UK; each year households in the UK waste over 8 million tonnes of food, which equates to a cost of ?12 billion (costing the average household ?480/year). A further 5 million tonnes are lost in the supply chain, costing ?5 billion annually (Chapagain James, 2011). The National Health Service wasted ?26 million on food wastage alone (Ssentif, 2011). In a rare example, Cornwall primary care trust has implemented a sustainable food waste management program coupled with locally sourced food (Tudor et al. 2008). By adopting prevention, the UK would save combined manufacturing and distribution costs of ?1588/tonne of waste (Lee Willis, 2010) to its food supply chain. Based on that figure alone, it makes economic sense to avoid food wastage both for the private and public sectors. However, there are a number of factors, which need to be considered before the university decides whether they will be changing the ways in which they dispose of their food waste.The first of these is related to the potential means through which this new system will be implemented. Here there are two options to be considered, the first is siting a composting facility on site. The second of these is to pay a waste disposal contractor to dispose of the waste at their composting plant. The economic considerations, which need to be considered in regards to both of these options, are how much do they cost For example, does the university dispose of enough food waste to justify the initial costs of setting up a compos ting plant on their site Alternatively, is the amount of food waste that they generate a smaller amount, which could be cost effectively, collected by a waste contractor Once these questions have been answered, the considerations for each of these two options start to differ considerably. In regards to the first of these options, one must consider whether it is economically viable to set up a composting facility on site, for example what are the potential savings that could be generated from not paying landfill tax and how soon will these be realised How much would it cost to set up a new waste management system in the universities halls and food outlets and around the campus How much will the plant cost to set up, manage and operate Do the costs of these enable a quick pay back, if for example this was done in conjunction with a biomass plant where waste could be used to generate electricity What would be the costs of siting this on the campus and how efficient would the plant need to be to achieve optimal savings. Would the advantages of the cost savings outweigh the disadvantages Could this be achieved in other ways, such as working with suppliers to seek to reduce the amount of waste, which is generatedEach of these needs to be carefully analysed before this opti on is chosen by the university. Further to this, if a waste contractor were going to be employed by the university to take the waste away, a number of other factors would need to be considered. These are would the costs of sending this waste to a composting facility be cheaper than sending it to a landfill site. Most waste contractors work on a pay per weight basis and if most of the food waste is wet, this is heavy. Therefore, it may cost more per tonne of waste to send this to landfill than it would to a composting facility. Furthermore, other saving also need to be considered, for example would the university save more money if these were sent to any energy from waste plant How many collections would be required per week to seek to ensure that the waste was appropriately managed What would the costs of extra collections be when the university hosts functions such as, conferences or graduation week Each of these factors needs to be carefully considered. However, some have said that the costs linked with the implementation of food waste collection are negated by savings generated in the reduction of waste collection (ACR, 2009). This may not be true of all university sites as the cost efficiencies also depend on the size, location or layout of a campus, the number of food outlets or student halls on the campus and the number of students and anticipated volumes of waste that may be derived from foodstuffs. Therefore, one must carefully not only consider the environmental benefits, which are complex, but they must also seek to ensure that any new waste management system is economically sustainable in the longer term. The final factor, which needs to be considered by the university in regards to implementing a new waste management system to dispose of food waste, is the socially based. 4. Social costs Food waste prevention is an area of waste prevention where there is little public resistance, with 90% of people being unopposed to the idea of reducing their food waste (WRAP, 2008). However, this does not mean that they are happy or willing to segregate their waste in practice. Encouraging both staff and students to properly segregate their food waste from other streams is a complex task. This is because each individual has their own values and beliefs and often though they say they believe in something, it does not mean that they will act in accordance with these. Therefore, one of the most important considerations that needs to be taken into account before changing over to a composting system is how are we going to get staff and students to segregate their waste How will we sell this idea to them Will we use economic, environmental or ethical arguments to seek to change their behaviours Each of these groups behaviours, values and attitudes need to be aligned to seek to succes sfully implement a new waste management system with a university. Therefore, this is one crucial factor, which needs to be carefully considered before any changes are implemented in practice and this costs money. Further to this, other considerations arise from the publics feelings of the health risks associated with waste management highlight differences in understanding, education and underlying social values (Vrijheid et al. 2002). This is another challenge, which needs to be carefully considered before the new waste management system is implemented. Factors such as, the siting of waste receptacles or plant, how the waste is stored ore how often it is collected also need to be considered. This is because if they are not issues such as, complaints about odours, increased visits from pest e.g. foxes or rats, noise from the collection vehicles or the composting plant, the appearance of waste that has been insufficiently stored or left for too long could all cause serious social problems for the university or result in legal action being taken by the local authorities. Therefore, each of these factors needs to be carefully considered to seek to ensure that the risks of each of these proble ms arising are mitigated as much as possible. Conclusion Food waste is an intrinsic part of the economy. It is, in effect, a result of economic activity produced by businesses, government and homes. The management of this waste has economic implication. Reducing bio-waste is an important target of the UK government. The ‘Waste Strategy 2007’ for England identifies food waste as a key aim, thereby reducing landfills for local authorities. The ‘Waste Emissions Trading Act’, ‘Landfill Allowance Schemes’ and the ‘EC Landfill Directive’ include key objectives that encourage local authorities to utilise environmentally friendly means of processing food waste or face financial penalties. Our strategy uses ‘price penetration’ strategy. Our service will be of good quality, but initially would not stand out as superior against competing compost services. However, our initial service charges will be low to undercut any rival competitors, thereby penetrating the marketplace. The evidence highlights the fact that a large percentage of local authorities in the UK are implementing food waste collections. Additionally, educating householders on their responsibility to the environment is critical in changing public attitudes to food waste. Half of all landfill site complaints relate to their odours. There is, additionally, conflicting evidence on the health effects of living within proximity to a landfill site. Evidence suggests that living within proximity it may also negatively impact on house prices. However, the public’s normally positive behaviour, even in those aware of the positive impact, may change should a compost plant be constructed in their neighbourhood. References ACR+ Municipal Waste in Europe – Towards a European Recycling Society’. Victoires Editions. 2009. ISBN: 978-2-35113-049-0. Print Bogner J, Pipatti R Hashimoto S (2008). Mitigation of global greenhouse gas emissions from waste: conclusions and strategies from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report. Working Group III (Mitigation) Waste Manag Res; 26: 11–32 Chapagain A James K (2011). The Water and Carbon Footprint of Household Food and Drink Waste in the UK. Banbury, Oxon: Waste Resources Action Programme. Available at: http://www.wrap.org.uk/retail_supply_chain/research_tools/research/report_water_and.html. Available August 2013 DEFRA (2011a). Applying the Waste Hierarchy: evidence summary. London: DEFRA DEFRA (2011b). Government Review of Waste Policy in England 2011. London: DEFRA Department of Environment and Conservation (2004). Composting and related organics processing facilities. Sydney: Department of Environment and Conservation Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain Directives Elliott P, Briggs D, Morris S et al (2001). Risk of adverse outcomes in populations living near landfill sites; BMJ: 363–8 Environment Agency (2013). Composting and potential health effects from bioaerosols: our interim guidance for permit applicants. Available at: http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/static/documents/Research/Composting__bioaerosols.pd. Accessed August 2013 Evans TD; Andersson P, Wievegg, A et al (2010). Surahammar – a case study of the impacts of installing food waste disposers in fifty percent of households. Water Environ. J; 241: 309–319 EN330 Measuring to Manage: How reducing waste can unlock increased profits, Envirowise. Available online at http://www.envirowise.gov.uk/page.aspx?o=117540 Accessed August 2013 HEFCE (2010) Carbon Management Plan. Available from http://www.hefce.ac.uk/pubs/year/2010/201002/ Access 08/08/2013. HM Treasury. Budget 2010. Available at http://www.officialdocuments. gov.uk/document/hc1011/hc00/0061/0061.pdf. Accessed August 2013 HPA (2011). Impact on Health Emissions from landfill sites. London: HPA Hutchins, D and White, S (2009). Coming round to recycling. British Medical Journal; 338: 746-748 Lee P Willis P (2010). Waste arising in the supply of food and drink to households in the UK. WRAP, Branbury, UK. McCarthy EJ and Perreault WD Jr. Basic Marketing: A Managerial Approach. Irwin, 1990 Noble R, Elphinstone JG, Sansford CE et al (2009) Management of plant health risks associated with processing of plant-based wastes: A review. Bioresource Technology; 10: 3431-3446. NHS. The NHS in England. Available at http://www.nhs.uk/NHSEngland/thenhs/about/Pages/overview.aspx. Accessed August 2013 Rosch C Kaltschmitt M (1999). Energy from biomass – do non-technical barriers prevent an increased useIn: Biomass and Bioenergy; 16: 347-356. Rushton L (2003). Health hazards and waste management. British Medical Bulletin; 68: 183–197 Sharp D (2007). On Rats, Refuse, and Recycling. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine; 84: 637–638 Shin H-C, Park J-W, Kim H-S, et al (2005). Environmental and economic assessment of landfill gas electricity generation in Korea using LEAP model. Energy Policy; 33: 1261–70. Ssentiff (2011). Protected mealtimes failing as nine million hospital meals go uneaten. Available at: http://www.ssentif.com/archive/4_oct2011.shtml. Accessed August 2013. Tudor T, Barr S Gilg A (2008). A novel conceptual framework for examining environmental behaviour in large organizations: a case study of the Cornwall National Health Service (NHS) in the United Kingdom. Environment and Behaviour; 40: 426–50. Vrijheid M, Dolk H, Armstrong B et al (2002). Chromosomal congenital anomalies and residence near hazardous waste landfill sites. Lancet; 359: 320–2 WRAP (2008). The food we waste. Available at http://wrap.s3.amazonaws.com/the-food-wewaste.pdf. Accessed August 2013 WRAP (2009a). Food Waste Collection Guidance. Banbury: WRAP WRAP (2009b) Food Waste Collection Guidance. Available at: http://www.wrap.org.uk/downloads/food_waste_collection_guidance_-_amended_Mar_2010.451b7293.7749.pdf. Accessed August 2013 WRAP (2013). Information sheet – Courtauld Commitment. Available at http://www.wrap.org.uk/content/information-sheet-courtauld-commitment. Accessed August 2013 Yun H, David M and Elliott R (ud). The Valuation of Landfill Disamenities in Birmingham How to cite Critical reflection on waste management class project, Essay examples

The Pedagogy of the Oppressed free essay sample

The Pedagogy of the Oppressed What does the opinion expressed in Paulo Freire’s â€Å"banking† education metaphor really say about modern society and the disenfranchised? Freire begins Chapter Two of his novel â€Å"Pedagogy of the Oppressed,† by analyzing the teacher-student relationship that is characteristic of the Socratic/Lecture Teaching Methods. Freire refers to these teaching methods as â€Å"the banking concept of education,† where the students are considered empty bank accounts just passively and robotically waiting to be filled with deposits from the omniscient professors. 1) While at first, the metaphor seems novel, upon closer inspection, Friere is making a bold and controversial statement about the current power-hungry and oppressive social construct. A system designed and manufactured by the wealthy in order to polarize the divergent social classes and maintain the status quo. But all is not lost, there is a light at the end of the tunnel-th e light of communication. I apologize for the dramatics, but I have a deep personal connection with Freire’s beliefs about the true healing powers of communication. We will write a custom essay sample on The Pedagogy of the Oppressed or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For me, Maynard James Keenan, the lead singer for the band â€Å"Tool,† says it best in the song â€Å"Schism† when he cries, â€Å"Cold silence has a tendency to atrophy any sense of compassion between supposed lovers†¦ between supposed brothers. † I know at first these lyrics may seem like a stretch, but if you really think about it, Keenan’s words echo the sentiments of Freir’s assertions many times throughout Chapter Two. For example, in Freire’s introduction of the â€Å"banking concept,† he wrote: Education thus becomes an act of depositing, in which the students are the depositories and the teacher is the depositor. Instead of communicating, the teacher issues communiques and makes deposits which the students patiently receive, memorize, and repeat. This is the â€Å"banking† concept of education, in which the scope of action allowed to the students extends only as far as receiving, filing, and storing the deposits. (1) I imagine Freire’s idea of communicating to be along the lines of two different individuals or groups engaging in more dialogue instead of just getting forced to endure contrived monologue delivered by so many professors in modern academia. Freire continued to stress the power of communication later in the chapter when he wrote: The bank-clerk educator does not realize that there is no true security in his hypertrophied role that one must seek to live with others in solidarity. One cannot impose oneself, nor even merely co-exist with one’s students. Solidarity requires true communication, and the concept by which such an educator is guided fears and proscribes communication. Yet only through communication can human life hold meaning†¦ Authentic thinking, thinking that is concerned about reality, does not take place in ivory tower isolation, but only in communication. (4) Once again, I am reminded of Keenan’s song and how in my life, silence, ignoring, denying, and stuffing have never proved healthy or beneficial. In fact, I believe that these are destructive, emotionally violent actions that perpetuate the social polarity and self-obsession that damage relationships and any sense of social unity. On a lighter note, while reading this chapter, I got the feeling that Freire might be a Political Scientist; he mentioned â€Å"libertarian education† and â€Å"populist manifestations,† which lead me to a another question. Now, it has been a while since I took a Political Science class, but what was Freire referring to when he wrote: The raison detre of libertarian education, on the other hand, lies in its drive towards reconciliation. Education must begin with the solution of the teacher-student contradiction, by reconciling the poles of the contradiction so that both are simultaneously teachers and students? Correct me if I am wrong but I don’t remember Libertarian Ideology being signified by a focus or appreciation for reconciliation. And to claim that the sole reason for the existence of a â€Å"libertarian education,† whatever that really means, is about reconciliation, is a bold statement. I always thought it a bit risky to speak in absolutes. When I finally finished reading Freire’s somewhat dense examination of society, culture, control, and power, I was tired but impressed. While I may not agree with everything Freire wrote, I did find his analysis to be balanced. He succeeded in showing how both the teacher and the student are dehumanized by our modern educational system. And while he hinted at the true pathology that lay beneath our hierarchical social system, he did not place the blame on any specific group or demographic.